To answer a few questions:
Kosher food and fish without scales
Kosher food does not only relate to the foods one can eat, but how it is prepared, etc. Animals have to be slaughtered in a certain way, and only by people who have the right intention and should be someone with a kind disposition to animals and life. No blood may be eaten, and so it is drained, salted and cooked out. Kosher kitchens separate all meat and dairy-use utensils, extending on the law that an animal may not be cooked in its mother's milk. Factories that produce meat products or use animal-based gelatine are therefore problematic.
Onto fish: the scales mus be easily removable. So, for example, swordfish, shark, etc would not be counted here. Possibly, also, the readers of the bible may interpret fish to include things like whales and dolphins which do not have scales either. On the other hand, all other shellfish, etc are also forbidden.
The animals that are generally allowed to be eaten seem to generally be vegetarian themselves; not animals of prey.
As a note, all kosher food is
halal (able to be eaten by Muslims), but not the other way (this has been affirmed by a
Fatwa, so I'm told).
Kabbalah
Kabbalah is a mystical tradition in Judaism that includes many interesting interpretations of the world. Many would contend that the kabbalah adopted by the likes of Madonna and Britney Spears is false. Not only do they not have the biblical and Jewish law knowledge that is usually considered prerequisite to mystical studies in Judaism, but they do not follow any sort of morals that are the basis of Judaism. The commercialism of Kabbalah is very disliked by many Jews.
Judaism in brief, and other faiths
Many consider
Judaism to be a nation with a religious component. Others would consider it to be a religion with a national component. Judaism believes a lot in practice of ethical behaviour and ritual, and not merely in faith and worship. It is said that one does not necessarily have to have the correct intents when doing something prescribed by Jewish law, but better that it be done, and maybe through it one gains the correct intent.
Judaism had a big role to play in Christianity's development, as well as probably in the inspiration for Islam, but they have long diverged. In philosophy and practice, Judaism probably is closer today to Islam, although they have no common historical root. Christianity took a lot from Judaism, but many of its influences came from the West in its adoption within Europe.
Significantly, Judaism's major prophet is Moses, and its history is felt as through the stories of the bible, particularly in the Exodus from Egypt. It does believe that a
messiah will come, but the role of this messiah is quite different from what Jesus performed; it does not see Jesus as the messiah.
Judaism, though, claims itself as the first ethical monotheism. That is: belief in one God and as a result one must lead an ethical life (according to the laws of the
Torah).
There's plenty more that could be said here and plenty of sites on the web that say it, such as
Judaism 101.
Jewish life
Modern Jewish life may mean absolutely nothing extraordinary. Some Jews keep a number of traditions at home; others lead an observant lifestyle. An observant lifestyle involves things like:
- eating only kosher food
- not doing any manner of work on Shabbat (Friday sunset to Saturday night) and other festivals
- praying three times a day (preferably at a synagogue and in the company of others)
- saying blessings before and after eating all forms of food
- giving at least 10% (but no more than about 20%) of one's income to charity (even if one is poor)
- etc, etc. as I said, plenty to be read elsewhere
I hope that all helps a little... Feel free to ask more!